What effect does air resistance have on the optimum angle for range?

The optimum angle for achieving maximum range when projectile motion is analyzed in a vacuum, where air resistance is not a factor, is typically 45 degrees. However, when air resistance is accounted for, the dynamics of the projectile change significantly.

Air resistance opposes the motion of the projectile, leading to a decrease in both its horizontal and vertical velocity components. As a result, the projectile experiences a shorter flight time and reduced horizontal distance for any given launch angle. To compensate for the effect of air drag and to achieve maximum range, the launch angle must be lowered. Consequently, the optimum angle for maximum range becomes less than 45 degrees.

This adjustment ensures that the projectile maintains a better balance between horizontal velocity and the effects of gravity and air resistance, optimizing the distance it travels before landing. Therefore, when considering real-world conditions with air resistance, the optimum angle for range is decreased below 45 degrees, making it the correct answer.